Abstract

Quality of electrical power onboard ships is an important area, since there are stringent power quality standards set by the classification societies. In an all-electric ship (AES) with alternating current distribution, the power quality issues become more serious similar to those in inland power systems. Recent trend in modern AES is to utilize the medium voltage direct current (MVDC) distribution system. The presence of power electronic converters in the DC distribution system, and their high frequency switching creates voltage ripple and noise at the direct current (DC) bus. There evolves the importance in the effective analysis on MVDC bus voltage quality, since quality of power and its continuity is utmost important onboard ships. This paper focuses on the simulation studies of a 6 kV MVDC distribution system onboard ship with propulsion motor, pulsed power loads and some service loads operated. Each load is energized in a particular sequence to identify their impact on the DC bus. Quality of power at the DC bus is analysed as per the standards set by the IEEE 1709. Also the impact of online accommodation of pulsed power load (PPL) on DC bus voltage and its stability is examined. Simulation results and their analysis can be useful for the design of pulsed load profile in certain situations and for the design of proper filters and sufficient energy storages in some other cases. With the pulsed power load deployment in online mode, the DC bus voltage crosses the permitted tolerance which comes around -13.98%, and the angular velocities of generators have reduced by 3 to 4%. Results show that, with the pulsed power load operation, the quality and stability of the DC Bus voltage is deteriorated.

Keyword

MVDC distribution system, All electric ship, Quality of power, Pulsed load, DC voltage ripple.

Cite this article

Radhakrishnan R, Chacko M

Refference

[1][1]Doerry N, Amy J. The road to MVDC. In ASNE intelligent ships symposium 2015.

[2][2]ABB, Onboard DC Grid -The step forward in power generation and propulsion, 2011.

[3][3]Remijn N, Krijgsman B. Advantages of common dc busses on ships. In 2010 3rd international symposium on electrical and electronics engineering 2010 (pp. 177-82). IEEE.

[4][4]Kim K, Park K, Roh G, Chun K. DC-grid system for ships: a study of benefits and technical considerations. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping. 2018; 2(1):1-12.

[5][5]Coffey S, Timmers V, Li R, Wu G, Egea-alvarez A. Review of MVDC applications, technologies, and future prospects. Energies. 2021; 14(24):1-36.

[6][6]Khersonsky Y, Ericsen T, Bishop P, Amy J, Andrus M, Baldwin T, et al. IEEE recommended practice for 1 KV to 35 KV medium-voltage DC power systems on ships. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2010.

[7][7]Bash M, Chan RR, Crider J, Harianto C, Lian J, Neely J, et al. A medium voltage DC testbed for ship power system research. In IEEE electric ship technologies symposium 2009 (pp. 560-7). IEEE.

[8][8]Sulligoi G, Tessarolo A, Benucci V, Trapani AM, Baret M, Luise F. Shipboard power generation: design and development of a medium-voltage DC generation system. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine. 2013; 19(4):47-55.

[9][9]Bosich D, Sulligoi G, Mocanu E, Gibescu M. Medium voltage DC power systems on ships: an offline parameter estimation for tuning the controllers’ linearizing function. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2017; 32(2):748-58.

[10][10]Bosich D, Vicenzutti A, Pelaschiar R, Menis R, Sulligoi G. Toward the future: the MVDC large ship research program. In 2015 AEIT international annual conference 2015 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[11][11]Shi J, Amgai R, Abdelwahed S. Modelling of shipboard medium‐voltage direct current system for system level dynamic analysis. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation. 2015; 5(4):156-65.

[12][12]Vu TV, Gonsoulin D, Perkins D, Papari B, Vahedi H, Edrington CS. Distributed control implementation for zonal MVDC ship power systems. In IEEE electric ship technologies symposium 2017 (pp. 539-43). IEEE.

[13][13]Javaid U, Freijedo FD, Dujic D, van der Merwe W. MVDC supply technologies for marine electrical distribution systems. CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications. 2018; 3(1):65-76.

[14][14]Zhu W, Shi J, Abdelwahed S. End-to-end system level modeling and simulation for medium-voltage DC electric ship power systems. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. 2018; 10(1):37-47.

[15][15]Hasanzadeh A, Edrington CS, Soto DM, Rivera GM. Comparative study of intensive pulse load impact on active and passive rectification system in MVDC ship power generation unit. In 2013 international electric machines & drives conference 2013 (pp. 1326-32). IEEE.

[16][16]Stubban JP, Johnson BK, Hess H. Comparing point of use power quality to system level power quality in a shipboard MVDC distribution system. In electric ship technologies symposium 2013 (pp. 203-8). IEEE.

[17][17]Kourmpelis T, Prousalidis J, Spathis D, Dallas S, Kanellos F, Korn M. Power quality analysis for the highly-electric asset with DC power distribution. In 2015 international conference on electrical systems for aircraft, railway, ship propulsion and road vehicles 2015 (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

[18][18]Whaite S, Grainger B, Kwasinski A. Power quality in DC power distribution systems and microgrids. Energies. 2015; 8(5):4378-99.

[19][19]Farasat M, Arabali AS, Trzynadlowski AM. A novel control principle for all-electric ship power systems. In electric ship technologies symposium 2013 (pp. 178-84). IEEE.

[20][20]Jeung YC, Lee DC, Lee HH. Feedback linearization control of series active DC filters for MVDC shipboard power systems. In European conference on power electronics and applications 2014 (pp. 1-9). IEEE.

[21][21]Jin Z, Meng L, Guerrero JM. Constant power load instability mitigation in DC shipboard power systems using negative series virtual inductor method. In IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2017 (pp. 6789-94). IEEE.

[22][22]Engelhart BR, Bazzi AM. Design and control of a series DC active filter (SDAF) for MVDC marine applications. In transportation electrification conference & expo 2020 (pp. 948-53). IEEE.

[23][23]Yun J, Son YK, Cho HJ, Sul SK. DC bus voltage regulation strategy in maritime DC power system for minimized converter loss. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2021; 36(11):13225-33.

[24][24]Kulkarni S, Santoso S. Estimating transient response of simple AC and DC shipboard power systems to pulse load operations. In electric ship technologies symposium 2009 (pp. 73-8). IEEE.

[25][25]Kulkarni S, Santoso S. Impact of pulse loads on electric ship power system: with and without flywheel energy storage systems. In 2009 IEEE electric ship technologies symposium 2009 (pp. 568-73). IEEE.

[26][26]Huang X, Ruan X, Du F, Liu F, Zhang L. High power and low voltage power supply for low frequency pulsed load. In applied power electronics conference and exposition 2017 (pp. 2859-65). IEEE.

[27][27]Huang X, Ruan X, Du F, Liu F, Zhang L. A pulsed power supply adopting active capacitor converter for low-voltage and low-frequency pulsed loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2018; 33(11):9219-30.

[28][28]Fan B, Wang C, Yang Q, Liu W, Wang G. Performance guaranteed control of flywheel energy storage system for pulsed power load accommodation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2017; 33(4):3994-4004.

[29][29]Duan J, Xu H, Liu W, Peng JC, Jiang H. Zero-sum game based cooperative control for onboard pulsed power load accommodation. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2019; 16(1):238-47.

[30][30]Xie R, Chen Y, Wang Z, Mei S, Li F. Online periodic coordination of multiple pulsed loads on all-electric ships. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2019; 35(4):2658-69.

[31][31]Eldeeb HH, Mohammed OA. Control and voltage stability of a medium voltage DC micro-grid involving pulsed load. In international conference on environment and electrical engineering and 2018 IEEE industrial and commercial power systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe) 2018 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[32][32]Mardani MM, Khooban MH, Masoudian A, Dragičević T. Model predictive control of DC–DC converters to mitigate the effects of pulsed power loads in naval DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 66(7):5676-85.

[33][33]Dong Z, Cong X, Xiao Z, Zheng X, Tai N. A study of hybrid energy storage system to suppress power fluctuations of pulse load in shipboard power system. In international conference on smart grids and energy systems 2020 (pp. 437-41). IEEE.

[34][34]Xu L, Wei B, Yu Y, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. Simulation assessment of the impact of pulsed loads in DC shipboard microgrid. In IECON 2021–47th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society 2021 (pp. 1-6). IEEE

[35][35]Salama HS, Bakeer A, Vokony I, Chub A. Mitigation of pulsed power load effect on power system using FLC-SMES. Energy Reports. 2022; 8:463-71.

[36][36]Tu Z, Fan B, Zhang W, Peng J, Liu W. Optimal state-constrained control of DC shipboard power systems for online pulsed power load accommodation. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2021; 13(1):96-105.

[37][37]Wasim MS, Habib S, Amjad M, Bhatti AR, Ahmed EM, Qureshi MA. Battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system to increase battery life under pulse loads. IEEE Access. 2022; 10:62173-82.

[38][38]Posam L, Ma Y, Corzine K. DC fault detection of shipboard pulsed power loads using logistic regression. In applied power electronics conference and exposition 2022 (pp. 2040-3). IEEE.

[39][39]Yan J, Wang J, Chen Y, Huang K, Shen C. Large‐signal model of pulsed power load for analysis of dynamic voltage and frequency. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2020; 14(12):2271-81.

[40][40]Rajabi-nezhad A, Razi-kazemi AA. A new approach on modeling of pulsed-power loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2021; 37(2):727-35.

[41][41]Suryanarayana H, Sudhoff SD. Average-value modeling of a peak-current controlled galvanically-isolated DC-DC converter for shipboard power distribution. In electric ship technologies symposium 2013 (pp. 152-61). IEEE.

[42][42]Line OT. IEEE recommended practice for electrical installations on shipboard. IEEE, IEEE Std 45. 2002.