Abstract

This research emphasizes the critical role of water quality in concrete construction, with a specific emphasis on utilizing treated wastewater from wetlands. The study employs a dual-stage treatment process involving charcoal and aggregate layers for primary treatment and water hyacinths for secondary treatment. The unique aspect of the study lies in investigating water hyacinths' capacity to absorb nutrients and contaminants from wastewater, providing a potential solution for soil and water remediation. Water hyacinths, particularly their stems and leaves, have proven effective as indicators of heavy metal pollution in tropical regions, acting as a natural filter to extract pollutants from wastewater. The primary objective of this investigation is the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, enabling the use of treated water in concrete production at varying proportions: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Additionally, the study incorporates silica fume at a concentration of 15% to enhance the concrete's durability and resistance. Concrete specimens were meticulously prepared and subjected to mechanical property evaluations, with a comparison to conventional M20 grade concrete. The results indicate a notable enhancement in the mechanical properties of the concrete, particularly when utilizing 80% of the treated wastewater in the concrete mix. The dual-stage treatment process, involving charcoal, aggregate layers, and water hyacinths, effectively removed heavy metals from the wastewater. The incorporation of silica fume at 15% concentration contributed to the concrete's improved durability and resistance.

Keyword

Eichhornia crassipes, Wetland, biological treatment, Charcoal, Heavy metal, Silicafume, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split tensile strength.

Cite this article

Ayyadurai A, SaravananDevi M

Refference

[1][1]Chen X, Wu J, Ning Y, Zhang W. Experimental study on the effect of wastewater and waste slurry of mixing plant on mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022; 52:104307.

[2][2]He Q, Fei H, Zhou J, Liang X, Pan Y. Utilization of carbonized water hyacinth for effective encapsulation and thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change energy storage materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2023; 372:130841.

[3][3]Niyasom S, Tangboriboon N. Development of biomaterial fillers using eggshells, water hyacinth fibers, and banana fibers for green concrete construction. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 283:122627.

[4][4]Di CJA, Malfait WJ, Wernery J. Turning waste into insulation–a new sustainable thermal insulation board based on wheat bran and banana peels. Building and Environment. 2023; 244:110740.

[5][5]Hosseinian SM, Sabouri AG, Carmichael DG. Sustainable production of buildings based on Iranian vernacular patterns: a water footprint analysis. Building and Environment. 2023; 242:110605.

[6][6]Ma Z, Hu R, Yao P, Wang C. Utilizing heat-mechanical synergistic treatment for separating concrete waste into high-quality recycled aggregate, active recycled powder and new concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023; 68:106161.

[7][7]Zhang M, Zhu L, Gao S, Dong Y, Yuan H. Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared from waste concrete treated at high temperature. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023: 107045.

[8][8]Alyami M, Hakeem IY, Amin M, Zeyad AM, Tayeh BA, Agwa IS. Effect of agricultural olive, rice husk and sugarcane leaf waste ashes on sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023; 72:106689.

[9][9]Boban JM, Nair PV, Shiji ST, Cherian SE. Incorporation of water hyacinth in concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2017; 6(5):540-4.

[10][10]Adewumi I, Ogbiye AS. Using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to treat wastewater of a residential institution. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2009; 91(5):891-903.

[11][11]Al-joulani NM. Effect of wastewater type on concrete properties. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2015; 10(19):39865-70.

[12][12]Al-ghusain I, Terro M. Use of treated wastewater for concrete mixing in Kuwait. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering. 2003; 30(1):213-28.

[13][13]Saleh HM. Stability of cemented dried water hyacinth used for biosorption of radionuclides under various circumstances. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2014; 446(1-3):124-33.

[14][14]Minakawa H, Tamon U, Jirawattanasomkul T. Compressive behavior of low strength concrete confined with water hyacinth and jute NFRP. In new ideas of the new century: materials of the international scientific conference FAD TOGU 2020 (pp. 428-33). Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Pacific State University.

[15][15]Harun I, Pushiri H, Amirul-aiman AJ, Zulkeflee Z. Invasive water hyacinth: ecology, impacts and prospects for the rural economy. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1-23.

[16][16]Enyoh CE, Ohiagu FO, Obidike BM, Isiuku BO, Ihenetu SC. Phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants using aquatic macro-and microphytes. World Scientific News. 2023; 176:76-103.

[17][17]Ismail Z, Othman SZ, Law KH, Sulaiman AH, Hashim R. Comparative performance of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pista stratiotes) in preventing nutrients build‐up in municipal wastewater. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2015; 43(4):521-31.

[18][18]Saha P, Shinde O, Sarkar S. Phytoremediation of industrial mines wastewater using water hyacinth. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2017; 19(1):87-96.

[19][19]Rezania S, Ponraj M, Talaiekhozani A, Mohamad SE, Din MF, Taib SM, et al. Perspectives of phytoremediation using water hyacinth for removal of heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015; 163:125-33.

[20][20]Victor KK, Séka Y, Norbert KK, Sanogo TA, Celestin AB. Phytoremediation of wastewater toxicity using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2016; 18(10):949-55.

[21][21]Gupta P, Roy S, Mahindrakar AB. Treatment of water using water hyacinth, water lettuce and vetiver grass–a review. System. 2012; 2(5):202-15.

[22][22]Khare A, Lal EP. Waste water purification potential of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017; 6(12):3723-31.

[23][23]Valipour A, Raman VK, Ahn YH. Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using a bio-hedge water hyacinth wetland system. Water. 2015; 7(1):329-47.

[24][24]Nuraini Y, Felani M. Phytoremediation of tapioca wastewater using water hyacinth plant (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management. 2015; 2(2):295-302.

[25][25]Singh N, Balomajumder C. Phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for phenol and cyanide elimination from synthetic/simulated wastewater. Applied Water Science. 2021; 11(8):1-15.

[26][26]Ting WH, Tan IA, Salleh SF, Wahab NA. Application of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for phytoremediation of ammoniacal nitrogen: a review. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2018; 22:239-49.

[27][27]Anudechakul C, Vangnai AS, Ariyakanon N. Removal of chlorpyrifos by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and the role of a plant-associated bacterium. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2015; 17(7):678-85.

[28][28]Kumar V, Singh J, Kumar P. Regression models for removal of heavy metals by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from wastewater of pulp and paper processing industry. Environmental Sustainability. 2020; 3(1):35-44.

[29][29]Priya ES, Selvan PS. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)–an efficient and economic adsorbent for textile effluent treatment–a review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 10:S3548-58.

[30][30]Ramkar A, Ansari U. Effect of treated waste water on strength of concrete. Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 2016; 13(6):41-5.

[31][31]Adelodun AA, Hassan UO, Nwachuckwu VO. Environmental, mechanical, and biochemical benefits of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27(24):30210-21.

[32][32]Mishra S, Maiti A. The efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24:7921-37.

[33][33]Panneerselvam B, Priya K S. Phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth in heavy metal removal in chromium and lead contaminated water. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2023; 103(13):3081-96.

[34][34]Carreño-sayago UF. Development of microspheres using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for treatment of contaminated water with Cr (VI). Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; 23:4735-46.

[35][35]Jirawattanasomkul T, Minakawa H, Likitlersuang S, Ueda T, Dai JG, Wuttiwannasak N, et al. Use of water hyacinth waste to produce fibre-reinforced polymer composites for concrete confinement: mechanical performance and environmental assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292:126041.

[36][36]Madikizela LM. Removal of organic pollutants in water using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 295:113153.

[37][37]Amalina F, Abd RAS, Krishnan S, Zularisam AW, Nasrullah M. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for organic contaminants removal in water–a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 2022; 7:100092.

[38][38]Oluwafemi OS, Anyik JL, Zikalala NE. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from water hyacinth plant leaves extract for colourimetric sensing of heavy metals. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects. 2019; 20:100387.

[39][39]Ahmed S, Alhoubi Y, Elmesalami N, Yehia S, Abed F. Effect of recycled aggregates and treated wastewater on concrete subjected to different exposure conditions. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 266:120930.

[40][40]Varshney H, Khan RA, Khan IK. Sustainable use of different wastewater in concrete construction: a review. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 41:102411.

[41][41]Arooj MF, Haseeb F, Butt AI, Irfan-ul-hassan M, Batool H, Kibria S, et al. A sustainable approach to reuse of treated domestic wastewater in construction incorporating admixtures. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 33:101616.

[42][42]PN AM, Madhu G. Removal of heavy metals from waste water using water hyacinth. International journal on transportation and urban development. 2011; 1(1):48-52.

[43][43]Meena K, Luhar S. Effect of wastewater on properties of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 21:106-12.

[44][44]Huynh AT, Chen YC, Tran BN. A small-scale study on removal of heavy metals from contaminated water using water hyacinth. Processes. 2021; 9(10):1-9.

[45][45]Ajayi TO, Ogunbayo AO. Achieving environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment by phytoremediation with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Sustainable Development. 2012; 5(7):80-90.

[46][46]Al-jabri KS, Al-saidy AH, Taha R, Al-kemyani AJ. Effect of using wastewater on the properties of high strength concrete. Procedia Engineering. 2011; 14:370-6.

[47][47]Salas-ruiz A, Del MBM. Performance assessment of water hyacinth–cement composite. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 211:395-407.