Abstract

The development, analysis, fabrication, and measurements of an inset-feed frequency selective surface (FSS) monopole rectangular patch antenna based on the Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) principle were discussed in this paper. The proposed antenna is fabricated on two pieces of flame retardant-4(FR4) substrate (FSS reflector) and RT Duroid 5880 substrate (main radiating patch) of equal size 49mm×49mm×1.6mm. The use of FR4 controls the cost of the antenna while the RT Durid maintains low losses and supports improvement in gain and radiation characteristics. The FPC principle is utilized to enhance antenna gain and directional radiation characteristics. The distance between the substrate and FSS layer is evaluated by developing a relationship using a machine learning artificial neural network (ANN) model-based method by speculating the output through iterations and it is validated by the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) optimization process. Equally spaced 15 dipole strips FSS layer is used as reflector surface which yields enhanced gain from 4.41dBi to 8.99dBi (∽4.58dBi improvement), unidirectional radiation patterns, and improved front-to-back-ratio (FBR) from 1.7dB to 17.5dB in the E-plane at the design frequency 5.5GHz. The antenna achieves a -10dB bandwidth from 1.12GHz to 8.64GHz (7.52GHz). The measured results are in close agreement with the simulated results. At the end, an electrical equivalent resistor, inductor, and capacitor (RLC) circuit of the proposed antenna has been generated from the antenna reflection coefficient. The reflection coefficient of the RLC equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna is validated using advanced design system (ADS) software. Since the antenna has ultra-wideband (UWB) performance, therefore it is most suitable for wireless 3G/4G/5G and Sub-6GHz lower frequency range (FR1), satellite, and RADAR communications.

Keyword

Artificial neural network (ANN), Dipoles, Frequency selective surface (FSS), Gain enhancement, Wideband (WB).

Cite this article

Ara S, Nunna PK.Gain and radiation pattern enhancement using ANN-based reflector antenna for full 5G Sub-6GHz applications. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2024;11(114):644-667. DOI:10.19101/IJATEE.2023.10101979

Refference

[1]Howell J. Microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1975; 23(1):90-3.

[2]Bansal A, Gupta R. A review on microstrip patch antenna and feeding techniques. International Journal of Information Technology. 2020; 12(1):149-54.

[3]Varshney A, Sharma V, Nayak C, Goyal AK, Massoud Y. A low-loss impedance transformer-less fish-tail-shaped MS-to-WG transition for K-/Ka-/Q-/U-band applications. Electronics. 2023; 12(3):1-21.

[4]Varshney A, Sharma V, Elfergani I, Zebiri C, Vujicic Z, Rodriguez J. An inline V-band WR-15 transition using antipodal dipole antenna as RF energy launcher@ 60 GHz for satellite applications. Electronics. 2022; 11(23):1-16.

[5]Yuan N, Yeo TS, Nie XC. A fast analysis of scattering and radiation of large microstrip antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2003; 51(9):2218-26.

[6]Tahir FA, Arshad T, Ullah S, Flint JA. A novel FSS for gain enhancement of printed antennas in UWB frequency spectrum. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2017; 59(10):2698-704.

[7]Monavar FM, Komjani N. Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using Jerusalem cross-shaped frequency selective surfaces by invasive weed optimization approach. Progress in Electromagnetics Research. 2011; 121:103-20.

[8]Mahfuz MH, Islam MR, Habaebi MH, Sakib N, Hossain AZ. A notched UWB microstrip patch antenna for 5G lower and FSS bands. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2022; 64(4):796-802.

[9]Parkvall S, Dahlman E, Furuskar A, Frenne M. NR: the new 5G radio access technology. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine. 2017; 1(4):24-30.

[10]Yuan Y, Xi X, Zhao Y. Compact UWB FSS reflector for antenna gain enhancement. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation. 2019; 13(10):1749-55.

[11]Neebha TM, Andrushia AD, Malin BP, Varshney A, Manjith R, Dhanasekar S. On the design of miniaturized C-shaped antenna based on artificial transmission line loading technique. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 2023; 37(6):814-26.

[12]Patel A, Mewada H, Vala A, Patel S, Chauhan D, Patel P. Superstrate microstrip antenna for 5G wireless communication applications. In international conference on optical and wireless technologies 2021 (pp. 125-32). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

[13]Ali M, Arya RK, Yerrola AK, Murmu L, Kumar A. Bandwidth and gain enhancement with cross-polarization suppression in microstrip antenna with superstate. In XXXIVth general assembly and scientific symposium of the international union of radio science 2021 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

[14]Kim JH, Ahn CH, Bang JK. Antenna gain enhancement using a holey superstrate. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2016; 64(3):1164-7.

[15]Vardaxoglou JC. Frequency selective surfaces: analysis and design. Research Studies Press, Wiley; 1997.

[16]Nakmouche MF, Allam AM, Fawzy DE, Lin DB. Development of a high gain FSS reflector backed monopole antenna using machine learning for 5G applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M. 2021; 105:183-94.

[17]Belen MA. Performance enhancement of a microstrip patch antenna using dual‐layer frequency‐selective surface for ISM band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2018; 60(11):2730-4.

[18]Sarkhel A, Bhadra CSR. Enhanced-gain printed slot antenna using an electric metasurface superstrate. Applied Physics A. 2016; 122:1-11.

[19]Fernandes EM, Da SMW, Da SBL, De SCAL, De AHX, Casella IR, et al. 2.4–5.8 GHz dual-band patch antenna with FSS reflector for radiation parameters enhancement. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2019; 108:235-41.

[20]Tilak GB, Kotamraju SK, Madhav BT, Kavya KC, Rao MV. Dual sensed high gain heart shaped monopole antenna with planar artificial magnetic conductor. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 2020; 15(3):1952-71.

[21]Gharsallah H, Osman L, Latrach L. Circularly polarized two‐layer conical DRA based on metamaterial. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2017; 59(8):1913-9.

[22]Ram KRV, Kumar R. Slotted ground microstrip antenna with FSS reflector for high‐gain horizontal polarisation. Electronics Letters. 2015; 51(8):599-600.

[23]Bhattacharya A, Dasgupta B, Jyoti R. Design and analysis of ultrathin X‐band frequency selective surface structure for gain enhancement of hybrid antenna. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering. 2021; 31(2):e22505.

[24]Hussain M, Sufian MA, Alzaidi MS, Naqvi SI, Hussain N, Elkamchouchi DH, et al. Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a CPW antenna using frequency selective surface for UWB applications. Micromachines. 2023; 14(3):1-13.

[25]Ranga Y, Matekovits L, Esselle KP, Weily AR. Multioctave frequency selective surface reflector for ultrawideband antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2011; 10:219-22.

[26]Devarapalli AB, Moyra T. Design of a metamaterial loaded W-shaped patch antenna with FSS for improved bandwidth and gain. Silicon. 2023; 15(4):2011-24.

[27]Tewary T, Maity S, Roy A, Bhunia S. Wide band microstrip patch antenna with enhanced gain using FSS structure. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. 2023; 22:329-45.

[28]Tewary T, Maity S, Mukherjee S, Roy A, Sarkar PP, Bhunia S. High gain miniaturrized super‐wideband microstrip patch antenna. International Journal of Communication Systems. 2022; 35(11):e5181.

[29]Tewary T, Maity S, Mukherjee S, Roy A, Sarkar PP, Bhunia S. FSS embedded high gain ‘N’shaped miniaturized broadband antenna. AEU-international Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2023; 158:154465.

[30]Prasad N, Pardhasaradhi P, Madhav BT, Islam T, Das S, El GM. Radiation performance improvement of a staircase shaped dual band printed antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) for wireless communication applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C. 2023; 137:53-64.

[31]Renit C, Raj TA. Wearable frequency selective surface-based compact dual-band antenna for 5G and Wi-Fi applications. Automatika. 2024; 65(2):454-62.

[32]Lanka MD, Chalasani S. M-shaped conformal antenna with FSS backing for gain enhancement. Engineering Proceedings. 2024; 59(1):1-10.

[33]Al-qutbi MM. Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with frequency selective surface superstrate. Masters Thesis, Altınbaş University, Graduate Education Institute, Istanbul. 2023.

[34]Danuor P, Moon JI, Jung YB. High-gain printed monopole antenna with dual-band characteristics using FSS-loading and top-hat structure. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1):1-12.

[35]Tariq S, Hussain Q, Alzaidi MS, Ghoniem RM, Alibakhshikenari M, Althuwayb AA, et al. Frequency selective surfaces-based miniaturized wideband high-gain monopole antenna for UWB systems. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2023; 170:154841.

[36]Hossain T, Chakraborty S, Uddin MJ, Gafur A, Rashid SZ, Rahman MA, et al. Performance enhancement of UWB antenna using FSS layer for millimeter-wave 5G. In international conference on next-generation computing, IoT and machine learning 2023 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[37]Ara S, Nunna PK. Gain enhancement of a monopole antenna using frequency selective surface for sub-6 GHz band applications. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2023; 10(104):840-57.

[38]Yi X, Zhou L, Hao S, Chen X. Dual-band high-gain shared-aperture antenna integrating fabry-perot and reflectarray mechanisms. Electronics. 2022; 11(13):1-10.

[39]Decoster B, Maes S, Cuiñas I, García SM, Caldeirinha R, Verhaevert J. Dual-band single-layer fractal frequency selective surface for 5G applications. Electronics. 2021; 10(22):1-16.

[40]Al-gburi AJ, Ibrahim IM, Zakaria Z, Abdulhameed MK, Saeidi T. Enhancing gain for UWB antennas using FSS: a systematic review. Mathematics. 2021; 9(24):1-16.

[41]Qin PY, Ji LY, Chen SL, Guo YJ. Dual-polarized wideband fabry-pérot antenna with quad-layer partially reflective surface. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2018; 17(4):551-4.

[42]Chang K. RF and microwave wireless systems. John Wiley & Sons; 2004.

[43]Balanis CA. Antenna theory: analysis and design. John Wiley & sons; 2016.

[44]Nakmouche MF, Allam AM, Fawzy DE, Lin DB. Low profile dual band H-slotted DGS based antenna design using ANN for K/Ku band applications. In 8th international conference on electrical and electronics engineering 2021 (pp. 283-6). IEEE.

[45]Sarabakha A, Imanberdiyev N, Kayacan E, Khanesar MA, Hagras H. Novel levenberg–marquardt based learning algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicles. Information Sciences. 2017; 417:361-80.

[46]Varshney A, Sharma V, Kumar R. Microstrip interconnect design and modeling using reverse approach to obtain an efficient wideband MS line-to-RWG hybrid transition. In printed antennas 2022 (pp. 67-80). CRC Press.

[47]Varshney A, Sharma V, Srivastava A. A novel simplified equivalent modeling method for microstrip line interconnects. Indian Patent-202111019468. 2021.

[48]Belen MA, Mahouti P, Palandöken M. Design and realization of novel frequency selective surface loaded dielectric resonator antenna via 3D printing technology. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2020; 62(5):2004-13.

[49]Patel DM, Raval F. Gain enhancement of SIW cavity-backed antenna using dielectric loading. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C. 2021; 111:61-73.

[50]Jing H, He G, Wang S. Design of a flexible cylindrical antenna with rotatable curved frequency selective surface for omnidirectional high-gain applications. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2023; 2023:1-15.

[51]Ghosh A, Mandal T, Das S. Design of triple band slot-patch antenna with improved gain using triple band artificial magnetic conductor. Radioengineering. 2016; 25(3).

[52]Belabbas K, Khedrouche D, Hocini A. Artificial magnetic conductor-based millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for gain enhancement. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology. 2021; 1(2021):56-63.